Practice 4 - Writing a Summary

Practice 4

Writing a Summary

1.                                                         Artificial Languages

      

       Esperanto is a language constructed by Dr. Zamenhof from Poland in the beginning of twenty century. It is derived from English, German, Romance, Latin, and Greek. The constructed language is Interlingua. It is discovered by experts out of Romance, English, and Latin. However, the most popular of those two constructed language is Esperanto (Pei 175-176).

2.                                             Artificial Languages – Objections

       The constructed languages such as Esperanto and Interlingua have disapproved because they have not expanded over a period of many centuries. They are also considered appropriate only for the western European and American nations, not for Slavic, Asiatic, and Africans (Pei 176).

3.                                                         Americans

                   The cultural differences in United States have been mopped up into one culture. Therefore, the Americans have same behavior and characteristics such as openness, friendliness, informality, and creativity.

4.                                             The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

                   German and French executives have an opinion that Americans executives are workaholics. They are obsessed with work and rarely have holidays. In contrary, European have more holidays. Most of them do not work on weekends.

5.                                             A Less Social Society Becoming Shy

                   Many American people become victims of America’s silent. The fast growing of technology and social changes influence them into shyness. The rising quantities of shy people mean Americans are lonelier, more alienated, and in worse shape, both mentally and physically (Epstein A1).

6.                    

       There are three factors caused the rising of shyness of Americans according to Professor Philip G. Zimbardo from Stanford University. First, the automation makes many of Americans have more small opportunity for social contact. Second, the innovation in personal computers and home electronic entertainment decreases social interaction. Third, the changing nature of family life and rising fear of crime are shutting people off from each other (qtd. In Epstein A10).

Practice 2 - Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect Quotations

Practice 2

Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect Quotations

A.   Turn back to the model paragraph “Seeking a Spouse on the Web” on page 86 and answer these questions:

1.      How many indirect quotations does the paragraph contain? Four indirect quotations.

2.      What reporting verbs or phrases introduce the indirect quotations? Said, estimated, according to.

Which one(s) do not contain the word that? Said, according to.

B.  Look at the model paragraph “Drugs and the Olympic Games” on page 83 and find the one indirect quotation. Does it follow the sequence tense rules?

According to Dr. Karsten, who says he has prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world class athletes over the last twenty-five years.

The indirect quotation above follows the sequence tense rules. When the reporting phrase is according to, the verb tense does not change.

C.     Rewrite the direct quotations as indirect quotations.

1.  Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said that not everyone could attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via television would offer many more students the chances to earn a college degree.

2.  Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said that she missed being on campus, but she had to worked and took care of her family.

3.  Other student said last year they had spent several hours a day commuting to and from school. Now they did not have to do that.

4.  Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated that he could choose when to study and how to study without pressure. He also said he would take two more telecourses in the fall.

D.    Change all of the direct quotations in the model paragraph on drugs and Olympic athletes (page 83) into indirect quotations.

a.  In 1993, the head of the International Olympic Committee’s medical commission, Prince Alexandre de Merode of Belgium stated that he believed that as many as 10% of all Olympic athletes were regular users of performance-enhancing drugs (qtd. in Bamberger and Yaeger 63).

b.  In a 1997 article in Sports Illustrated magazine, Dutch physician Michael Karsten is quoted as saying that there may be some sportsmen who can win gold medals without taking drugs, but there are very few.

c.  According to Dr. Karsten, who says he has prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world-class athletes over the last twenty-five years, if you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from my experience you can’t continue to win without drugs. The field is just too filled with drug users.

Practice 3 - Writing Paraphrase

Practice 3

Writing a Paraphrase

 

A.     

1.       

      1.      Notes:

            A.     One language—universal use.

1.      Some experts have made language for international.

2.      Universal language is essential.

3.      Esperanto language and Interlingua language.

B.     The elements of new language.

1.      English, German, Romance, Latin, and Greek.

2.      Paraphrase:

            Some experts in linguistic have tried to create new languages since the past time. They thought that universal language is essential. One of them, who come from Poland, had made a universal language named Esperanto. Esperanto has been used by many people in the world. This language is derived from English, German, Romance, and Latin. Another new language has been made is Interlingua but it is not well-known as Esperanto (Pei 175-176).

2.       

1.      Notes:

A.    New human-created languages have been opposed.

1.      These new languages are regarded as temporary language.

2.      The new human-created languages are looked like presented only for American and European people.

2.      Paraphrase:

          The new human-created languages, such as Interlingua and Esperanto have been opposed because they are considered  as temporary language. The other reason for this opposition is that those language looked like presented only for American and European people. Interlingua and Esperanto are not suitable used for Slavic, Asiatic, and African (Pei 176).

B. 

1.      Paraphrase of the paragraph “Americans”:

            The cultural differences in the United States has been changed into one culture. Therefore, the Americans have same behavior and attitude. The characteristics of them are kind, frank, powerful, creative, and optimist (Hall and Hall 140).

2.      Paraphrase of the paragraph “The Work Ethic Americans and Europeans”:

       It can be said that Americans are hard worker, especially the people who have high position in controlling business. Americans do not have much time to take vacation or holiday. Their time is used for working. This is why the French and German businessmen think that Americans businessmen are workaholics. Although they are very busy in working, actually they care to their family very much, especially in healthy. In contrast, the European still have some time to take a rest or holidays with their family on the ends of the week.